ࡱ> HJG %bjbjVV .<<<||$<t33333$AA33V"333030l0,:|:: AAFv:| : CSAM Components of the commodity system and sample questions Components 1 - 7: Pre-Production 1- Importance of the crop. What is the relative importance of the crop? Base you estimate of importance on information on number of producers, amount produced, area of production, and/or market value. 2- Governmental policies. Are there any laws, regulations, incentives or disincentives related to producing or marketing the crop? (e.g., existing price supports or controls, banned pesticides or residue limits) 3- Relevant institutions. Are there any organizations involved in projects related to production or marketing the crop? What are the goals of the projects? How many people are participating? 4- Facilitating services. What services are available to producers and marketers (for example: credit, inputs, technical advice, subsidies)? 5- Producer/shipper organizations. Are there any producer or marketer organizations involved with the crop? What benefits or services do they provide to participants? At what cost? 6- Environmental conditions. Does the local climate, soils or other factors limit the quality of production? Are the cultivars produced appropriate for the location? 7- Availability of planting materials. Are seeds or planting materials of adequate quality? Can growers obtain adequate supplies when needed? Components 8 - 11: Production 8- Farmers' general cultural practices. Do any farming practices in use have an effect on produce quality (irrigation, weed control, fertilization practices, field sanitation)? 9- Pests and diseases. Are there any insects, fungi, bacteria, weeds or other pests present that affect the quality of produce? 10- Pre-harvest treatments. What kinds of pre-harvest treatments might affect postharvest quality (such as use of pesticides, pruning practices, thinning)? 11- Production costs. Estimate the total cost of production (inputs, labor, rent, etc). What are the costs of any proposed alternative methods? Components 12 - 21: Postharvest 12- Harvest. When and how is produce harvested? by whom? at what time of day? Why? What sort of containers are used? Is the produce harvested at the proper maturity for the intended market? 13- Grading, sorting and inspection. How is produce sorted? by whom? Does value (price) change as quality/size grades change? Do local, regional or national standards (voluntary or mandatory) exist for inspection? What happens to culled produce? 14- Postharvest treatments. What kinds of postharvest treatments are used? (Describe any curing practices, cleaning, trimming, hot water dips, etc.) Are treatments appropriate for the product? 15- Packaging. How is produced packed for transport and storage? What kind of packages are used? Are packages appropriate for the product? Can they be reused or recycled? 16- Cooling. When and how is produce cooled? To what temperature? Using which method(s)? Are methods appropriate for the product? 17- Storage. Where and for how long is produce stored? In what type of storage facility? Under what conditions (packaging, temperature, RH, physical setting, hygiene, inspections, etc.)? 18- Transport. How and for what distance is produce transported? In what type of vehicle? How many times is produce transported? How is produce loaded and unloaded? 19- Delays/ waiting. Are there any delays during handling? How long and under what conditions (temperature, RH, physical setting) does produce wait between steps? 20- Other handling. What other types of handling does the produce undergo? Is there sufficient labor available? Is the labor force well trained for proper handling from harvest through transport? Would alternative handling methods reduce losses? Would these methods require new workers or displace current workers? 21- Agro-processing. How is produce processed (methods, processing steps) and to what kinds of products? How much value is added? Are sufficient facilities, equipment, fuel, packaging materials and labor available for processing? Is there consumer demand for processed products? Components 22 - 26: Marketing 22- Market intermediaries. Who are the handlers of the crop between producers and consumers? How long do they have control of produce and how do they handle it? Who is responsible for losses /who suffers financially? Is produce handled on consignment; marketed via direct sales; move through wholesalers? 23- Market information. Do handlers and marketers have access to current prices and volumes in order to plan their marketing strategies? Who does the recordkeeping? Is information accurate, reliable, timely, and useful to decision makers? 24- Consumer demand. Do consumers have specific preferences for produce sizes, flavors, colors, maturities, quality grades, packages types, package sizes or other characteristics? Are there any signs of unmet demand and/or over-supply? How do consumers react to the use of postharvest treatments (pesticides, irradiation, coatings, etc.) or certain packaging methods (plastic, Styrofoam, recyclables)? 25- Exports. Is this commodity produced for export? What are the specific requirements for export (regulations of importing country with respect to grades, packaging, pest control, etc.)? 26- Marketing costs. Estimate the total marketing costs for the crop (inputs and labor for harvest, packaging, grading, transport, storage, processing, etc.). Do handlers/ marketers have access to credit? Are prevailing market interest rates at a level that allows the borrower to repay the loan and still make a profit? Is supporting infrastructure adequate (roads, marketing facilities, management skills of staff, communication systems such as telephone, FAX, e-mail services)? ________________________________________________________________ From Chapter 38 (DANR 3311) Kitinoja and Kasmire (2002). Modified from LaGra, 1991 CSAM Training Activity Results COMMODITY :_______________ Components 1 - 7: Pre-Production 1- Importance of the crop. 2- Governmental policies. 3- Relevant institutions. 4- Facilitating services. 5- Producer/shipper organizations. 6- Environmental conditions. 7- Availability of planting materials. Components 8 - 11: Production 8- Farmers' general cultural practices. 9- Pests and diseases. 10- Pre-harvest treatments. 11- Production costs. Components 12 - 21: Postharvest 12- Harvest. 13- Grading, sorting and inspection. CSAM Training Activity (continued_ COMMODITY: ________________ 14- Postharvest treatments. 15- Packaging. 16- Cooling. 17- Storage. 18- Transport. 19- Delays/ waiting. 20- Other handling. 21- Agro-processing. Components 22 - 26: Marketing 22- Market intermediaries. 23- Market information. 24- Consumer demand. 25- Exports. 26- Marketing costs. Commodity Systems Assessment identifies the needs for Training, Research and Advocacy for each type of commodity. Training needs (existing information that growers, handlers and marketers need to learn about). Example: providing information on maturity indices so growers will learn when to harvest for best quality and shelf life. Research Needs (problems that have no immediate solution, but require research experiments or field testing). Example: a pest related postharvest loss for which no known treatment is available. 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